Surgical suturing device for a replacement anatomical structure and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

A surgical suturing device has a guide tip defining cuff receiving and tissue bite areas. The guide tip has at least one needle guide configured to guide at least one needle through the cuff receiving area and the tissue bite area. Another surgical suturing device has a guide tip defining cuff receiving and tissue bite areas. The guide tip has at least one pair of needle guides configured to guide both the needles of at least one pair of needles through the cuff receiving area and the tissue bite area. The guide tip also has at least one pair of ferrule receiving apertures. The cuff receiving area and the tissue bite area are oriented to avoid cross-over of a suture passed by the at least one pair of needles through tissue in the tissue bite area and a replacement anatomical device sewing cuff in the cuff receiving area.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/247,688, filed on Apr. 8, 2014 and entitled “SURGICALSUTURING DEVICE FOR A REPLACEMENT ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND METHODSTHEREOF,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

The claimed invention relates to surgical suturing devices, and morespecifically to a surgical suturing device for a replacement anatomicalstructure such as, but not limited to, a replacement heart valve.

BACKGROUND

The human heart relies on a series of one-way valves to help control theflow of blood through the chambers of the heart. For example, referringto FIG. 1, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart 20, via the superiorvena cava 22 and the inferior vena cava 24, entering the right atrium26. The heart muscle tissue contracts in a rhythmic, coordinatedheartbeat, first with an atrial contraction which aids blood in theright atrium 26 to pass through the tricuspid valve 28 and into theright ventricle 30. Following atrial contraction, ventricularcontraction occurs and the tricuspid valve 28 closes. Ventricularcontraction is stronger than atrial contraction, assisting blood flowthrough the pulmonic valve 32, out of the heart 20 via the pulmonaryartery 34, and to the lungs (not shown) for oxygenation. Following theventricular contraction, the pulmonic valve 32 closes, preventing thebackwards flow of blood from the pulmonary artery 34 into the heart 20.

Oxygenated blood returns to the heart 20, via the pulmonary veins 36,entering the left atrium 38. Left atrial contraction assists blood inthe left atrium 38 to pass through the mitral valve 40 and into the leftventricle 42. Following the atrial contraction, ensuing ventricularcontraction causes mitral valve 40 closure, and pushes oxygenated bloodfrom the left ventricle 42 through the aortic valve 44 and into theaorta 46 where it then circulates throughout the body. Following leftventricular contraction, the aortic valve 44 closes, preventing thebackwards flow of blood from the aorta 46 into the heart 20.

Unfortunately, one or more of a person's heart valves 28, 32, 40, and 44can have or develop problems which adversely affect their function and,consequently, negatively impact the person's health. Generally, problemswith heart valves can be organized into two categories: regurgitationand/or stenosis. Regurgitation occurs if a heart valve does not sealtightly, thereby allowing blood to flow back into a chamber rather thanadvancing through and out of the heart. This can cause the heart to workharder to remain an effective pump. Regurgitation is frequently observedwhen the mitral valve 40 prolapses (extends back) into the left atrium38 during a ventricular contraction. Stenosis, by contrast, is when aheart valve does not fully patent due to stiff or fused leaflets, bloodflow tract narrowing, or obstructive material buildup (e.g., calcium).The resultant narrowed outflow causes the heart to work harder to pumpblood through it, possibly leading to heart failure.

Fortunately, advances in cardiac surgery, and in particular theevolution of reliable cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB), have enabled openheart and less-invasive methods for heart valve replacement. During CPB,deoxygenated blood is diverted from the superior vena cava 22 andinferior vena cava 24 in or near the right atrium 26 of the heart 20,brought outside the body to a CPB machine, reoxygenated, and returned tothe body at the aorta 46, or other great arterial vessels, therebybypassing the heart 20 and making it possible to stop the heart 20 forcardiac surgery.

Unfortunately, while such cardiac procedures have become common-place,they are not without risks. In particular, extended time on a CPBmachine can increase a patient's chances of developing complicationsinvolving the inflammatory system, heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, etc. Aninflammatory response can be triggered by blood coming into contact withthe foreign substances of the tubing leading to the CPB machine and thecomponents of the machine itself. These types of inflammatory responsescan damage the endothelium (inner layer of cells) of blood vessels,making them more susceptible to platelet and clot adhesion, andultimately to an increased chance of atherosclerosis and othercardiovascular complications. Additionally, aortic clamping, necessaryto establish the CPB, may cause inadequate blood flow to certain organs,for example, the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain, thereby leading topossible ischemic damage to those organs. The risks of complications dueto CPB increase dramatically with the amount of time a patient isactively connected to the CPB machine. Accordingly, surgeons rely on acombination of specialized skills, knowledge, technologies, and teamworkto operate as efficiently as possible in order to minimize a patient'stime on CPB.

Depending on the number of valves being replaced for a patient, atypical heart valve replacement surgery can last between two to sixhours, one to two hours of which can be spent on a CPB machine. Whilethe patient is on CPB, the surgeon must gain access to the heart valve,remove the pathologic valve tissue as necessary, and install areplacement valve at the location of the original valve. The valveinstallation process, typically requiring suture placement andfastening, can be very time consuming, especially when surgeons areoperating through small access sites when employing less-invasivetechniques to reduce surgical trauma. Therefore, there is a need fordevices and methods which enable surgeons to operate more efficientlyduring surgery to replace pathologic anatomical structures, such as, butnot limited to, replacement heart valves. Such devices and methods canreduce the amount of time patients need to be attached to a CPB machine,thereby reducing the likelihood of CPB-related side effects. Fastercardiac operations offer additional benefits, such as reduced surgicalteam fatigue and more efficient use of critical resources. Expeditingcardiac surgery can also improve patient outcomes.

SUMMARY

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a heart, illustrating the chambersand valves which function therein. A surgical suturing device isdisclosed. The surgical suturing device has a guide tip defining a cuffreceiving area and a tissue bite area. The guide tip has at least oneneedle guide configured to guide at least one needle through the cuffreceiving area and the tissue bite area.

Another surgical suturing device is disclosed. The surgical suturingdevice has a shaft and at least one needle slideably coupled to theshaft. The surgical suturing device also has at least one actuator neara proximal end of the shaft and coupled to the at least one needle. Thesurgical suturing device further has a guide tip coupled to a distal endof the shaft. The guide tip defines a cuff receiving area and a tissuebite area. The guide tip also has at least one needle guide configuredto guide the at least one needle through the cuff receiving area and thetissue bite area. The cuff receiver area and the tissue bite area facesubstantially opposite directions. The tissue bite area is closer thanthe cuff receiving area to a distal end of the guide tip. The at leastone needle guide comprises a transition needle guide between the cuffreceiving area and the tissue bite area. The transition needle guidecomprises a flared end facing the cuff receiving area. The actuator isconfigured to move the at least one needle between a retracted positionwhere the at least one needle is not passing through the cuff receivingarea or the tissue bite area and an engaged position where the at leastone needle is passing through the cuff receiving area and the tissuebite area and visa versa.

A further surgical suturing device is disclosed. The surgical suturingdevice has first and second needles, each having a ferrule engaging end.The surgical suturing device also has a guide tip defining a cuffreceiving area and a tissue bite area. The guide tip has first andsecond ferrule receiving apertures. The guide tip also has a firstneedle guide configured to guide the first needle through the cuffreceiving area and the tissue bite area. The guide tip further has asecond needle guide configured to guide the second needle through thecuff receiving area and the tissue bite area. The guide tip also has acuff support configured to align at least a portion of a sewing cuff fora replacement anatomical structure within the cuff receiving area. Thecuff receiving area and the tissue bite area face substantiallydifferent directions. The tissue bite area is closer than the cuffreceiving area to a distal end of the guide tip. The first and secondneedle guides comprise first and second transition needle guides,respectively, between the cuff receiving area and the tissue bite area.The first and second transition needle guides comprise first and secondflared ends, respectively, facing the cuff receiving area.

Another surgical suturing device is disclosed. The surgical suturingdevice has a guide tip defining a cuff receiving area and a tissue bitearea. The guide tip has at least one pair of needle guides configured toguide both the needles of at least one pair of needles through the cuffreceiving area and the tissue bite area. The guide tip also has at leastone pair of ferrule receiving apertures. The cuff receiving area and thetissue bite area are oriented to avoid cross-over of a suture passed bythe at least one pair of needles through tissue in the tissue bite areaand a replacement anatomical device sewing cuff in the cuff receivingarea.

A method of installing a replacement anatomical structure is disclosed.Using at least one needle guided at least in part by a guide tip, atleast one suture end is moved through a tissue bite area and a cuffreceiving area, both areas defined by the guide tip, such that the atleast one suture end passes through tissue in the tissue bite area whilethe cuff receiving area is not aligned with a sewing cuff of thereplacement anatomical structure. Using the at least one needle guidedat least in part by the guide tip, at least one suture end is movedthrough the tissue bite area and the cuff receiving area such that theat least one suture end passes through the sewing cuff of thereplacement anatomical structure in the cuff receiving area while thetissue bite area is not aligned with the tissue.

Another method of installing a replacement anatomical structure isdisclosed. Using first and second needles, guided at least in part by aguide tip, the needles each having a ferrule engaging end removablycoupled to respective first and second ferrules on respective first andsecond ends of a suture, the first and second suture ends are movedthrough a tissue bite area and a cuff receiving area, both areas definedby a guide tip, such that the first and second suture ends pass throughtissue in the tissue bite area while the cuff receiving area is notaligned with a sewing cuff of the replacement anatomical structure.Using the first and second needles, the first and second suture ends aremoved through the tissue bite area and the cuff receiving area such thatthe first and second suture ends pass through the sewing cuff of thereplacement anatomical structure in the cuff receiving area while thetissue bite area is not aligned with the tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a heart, illustrating the chambersand valves which function therein.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a surgical suturingdevice.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate different perspective views of one embodimentof a guide tip for use in a surgical suturing device.

FIG. 4A illustrates one embodiment of a suture delivery tube for usewith a guide tip of a surgical suturing device.

FIG. 4B illustrates the suture delivery tube of FIG. 4A removably heldby the guide tip of FIG. 3B.

FIG. 5A is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of asurgical suturing device having a guide tip defining a cuff receivingarea and a tissue bite area. The guide tip also has at least one needleguide configured to guide at least one needle through the cuff receivingarea and the tissue bite area.

FIG. 5B is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the tissue bite area is being placed over aportion of tissue.

FIG. 5C is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the needle is being guided through the tissuein the tissue bite area.

FIG. 5D is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein a ferrule coupled to a suture is being drawnback through the tissue in the tissue bite area by the needle.

FIG. 5E is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the tissue bite area is lifted off of thetissue having the suture passed therethrough.

FIG. 5F is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the ferrule coupled to the suture is returnedby the needle to a distal end of the guide tip.

FIG. 5G is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the needle is returned to a proximal end ofthe guide tip.

FIG. 5H is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein a sewing cuff of a replacement valve has beenplaced in the cuff receiving area of the guide tip.

FIG. 5I-1 is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the needle is being guided through the sewingcuff in the cuff receiving area.

FIG. 5I-2 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 5I-1 highlighting oneembodiment of a flared end of the needle guide facing the cuff receivingarea.

FIG. 5J is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the ferrule coupled to the suture is beingdrawn back through the sewing cuff in the cuff receiving area by theneedle.

FIG. 5K is a partial cross-sectional view of the surgical suturingdevice of FIG. 5A wherein the sewing cuff having the suture passedtherethrough is removed from the cuff receiving area.

FIG. 6A schematically illustrates a heart valve in need of replacement.

FIG. 6B schematically illustrates the heart valve of FIG. 6A with thevalve leaflets removed and the valve annulus remaining in preparationfor installation of a replacement heart valve.

FIG. 6C illustrates the placement of a tissue bite area of oneembodiment of a surgical suturing device guide tip over the annuluswhere a replacement heart valve will be installed.

FIG. 6D illustrates the advancement of two needles of the surgicalsuturing device of FIG. 6C through the tissue in the tissue bite area.

FIG. 6E illustrates the drawing back of two ends of a suture, throughthe annulus tissue in the tissue bite area, as well as the partialpositioning of a pledget pre-installed on the suture.

FIG. 6F illustrates the pledget pulled into a position behind theannulus tissue by the suture ends which have been drawn out and returnedto a distal end of the guide tip.

FIG. 6G illustrates one embodiment of a sewing cuff of a replacementheart valve being placed into a cuff receiving area of the surgicalsuturing device's guide tip.

FIG. 6H illustrates an end result of drawing the two suture ends backthrough the sewing cuff of the replacement heart valve following apiercing of the sewing cuff by the two needles to retrieve ferrulescoupled to the ends of the suture.

FIG. 6I illustrates several sets of suture ends placed through annulustissue and corresponding points in the sewing cuff of the replacementheart valve.

FIG. 6J illustrates tensioning the suture lines to remove slack in thesutures while the replacement valve is moved in place above the tissueannulus where the replacement valve is seated.

FIG. 6K illustrates one embodiment of knots holding the replacementvalve against the tissue annulus.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate different embodiments of methods for installinga replacement anatomical structure.

It will be appreciated that for purposes of clarity and where deemedappropriate, reference numerals have been repeated in the figures toindicate corresponding features, and that the various elements in thedrawings have not necessarily been drawn to scale in order to bettershow the features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a surgical suturingdevice 48. The surgical suturing device 48 may have a housing 50 coupledto a shaft 52. A guide tip 54 is coupled to an end of the shaft 52,opposite from the housing 48. In some embodiments, the guide tip 54 maybe continuous with the shaft 52, rather than a separate assembly piecewhich is coupled to the shaft 52. The surgical suturing device 48 alsohas a needle actuator 56 which is configured to move one or more needleswithin the guide tip 54 as will be described in greater detail below.Depending on the embodiment, some non-limiting examples of suitableshafts include a straight shaft (as illustrated), a curved shaft, a bentshaft, a flexible shaft, and an articulating shaft. Also depending onthe embodiment, some non-limiting examples of suitable needle actuatorsinclude a handle (as illustrated), a lever, a knob, a slide, a gear, awheel, a motor, and a solenoid.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate different perspective views of one embodimentof a guide tip 54 for use in a surgical suturing device. The guide tip54 defines a cuff receiving area 58 and a tissue bite area 60. In thisembodiment, the guide tip 54 has one needle guide 62 for a first needle(not shown in this view) and another needle guide 64 for a second needle(also not shown in this view). In this embodiment, the guide tip 54 alsohas first and second transition needle guides 66, 68 for the first andsecond needles, respectively, between the cuff receiving area 58 and thetissue bite area 60. The first and second needle guides 62, 64, and thefirst and second transition needle guides 66, 68 are configured to guidethe needles through the cuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bite area60.

Different embodiments may be configured to have differing numbers ofneedles. For example, some embodiments may only have a single needle,while other embodiments may have two or more needles. Accordingly,embodiments of the surgical suturing device should have at least oneneedle guide configured to guide at least one needle through the cuffreceiving area 58 and the tissue bite area 60.

As will be discussed in more detail later in this specification, thetissue bite area 60 is sized to be placed around a portion of tissuewhere a replacement anatomical structure will be attached. Similarly,the cuff receiving area 58 is sized to receive a portion of a sewingcuff coupled to the replacement anatomical structure. A variety ofreplacement anatomical structures are contemplated in thisspecification. For simplicity, however, a replacement heart valve willbe discussed herein as an exemplary instance of a replacement anatomicalstructure. Those skilled in the art, however, will readily see that thedevices, methods, and equivalents of such devices and methods disclosedherein may readily be used with other replacement anatomical structures.

In the embodiments discussed herein, the cuff receiving area 58 and thetissue bite area 60 face substantially opposite directions. Thisopposite facing may advantageously help to prevent sutures from crossingover themselves in-between the sewing cuff of a replacement anatomicalstructure and the tissue where it is attached. Other embodiments,however, may have the cuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bite area 60facing substantially similar directions. Further embodiments may have acuff receiving area 58 and a tissue bite area 60 which face any possiblecombination of different directions.

In the embodiments illustrated herein, the tissue bite area 60 is closerthan the cuff receiving area 58 to a distal end 70 of the guide tip 54.In other embodiments, however, the cuff receiving area 58 may be closerthan the tissue bite area 60 to the distal end 70.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3A, the guide tip 54 further defines a firstsuture removal passage 72 for the first transition needle guide 66.Similarly, the guide tip 54 defines a second suture removal passage 74for the second transition needle guide 68. The first and second sutureremoval passages 72, 74 each extend for the entire length of theirrespective transition needle guides 66, 68. The suture removal passages72, 74 are each wide enough to allow passage of a suture therethrough,if desired, but preferably not wide enough to allow a needle beingguided by a respective transition needle guide 66, 68 to passtherethrough. It should be understood that the term “suture”, as usedherein, is intended to cover any thread, cable, wire, filament, strand,line, yarn, gut, or similar structure, whether natural and/or synthetic,in monofilament, composite filament, or multifilament form (whetherbraided, woven, twisted, or otherwise held together), as well asequivalents, substitutions, combinations, and pluralities thereof forsuch materials and structures.

In cases where the replacement anatomical structure is a replacementheart valve, the valve may extend relative to the sewing cuff of thereplacement anatomical structure such that it could interfere, in someinstances, with the guide tip 54 when the sewing cuff is placed into thecuff receiving area 58. Therefore, in some embodiments, the guide tip 54may include a valve clearance cutout 76 adjacent to the cuff receivingarea 58 as illustrated by the non-limiting example shown in FIG. 3A.

The guide tip 54 may also include a cuff support 78 which is configuredto align at least a portion of a sewing cuff (not shown in FIGS. 3A-3B)for a replacement anatomical structure within the cuff receiving area58. Depending on the embodiment, the cuff support 78 may have a supportcontour which corresponds to at least a portion of a cuff contour of thesewing cuff.

Depending on the embodiment, the guide tip 54 may also be configured asa reloadable device, enabling the guide tip to be reloaded one or moretimes with a different suture. Some valve replacements may involve theplacement of twenty or more sutures, so reloading capability can providegreat value and potential time savings. As one example of a reloadabledevice configuration, in this embodiment, the guide tip 54 also has areloadable suture delivery mechanism, such as, but not limited to, tubeholder 80. The suture delivery tube holder 80 is configured to removablyhold a suture delivery tube, such as the suture delivery tube 82 shownin FIG. 4A. The suture delivery tube 82 may be made from any flexible ornon-flexible material suitable for use in surgical applications. As justone example, a suture delivery tube 82 may be loaded with a suture 84such that a middle portion 86 of the suture 84 is at least partiallyheld within the suture delivery tube 82. Part of the middle sutureportion 86 may protrude from a first end 88 of the delivery tube 82. Thetwo ends 90, 92 of the suture 84 may protrude from a second end 94 ofthe delivery tube 82. Each end 90, 92 may be coupled to a respectiveferrule 96, 98. The ferrules 96, 98, and their function, will bediscussed in more detail further in this specification. The suture ends90, 92 may also pass through a pledget 100 in some embodiments. As willbe shown later in this specification, the pledget 100 can providesupport to a suture passing through tissue to help prevent a suturestitch from ripping through the tissue.

FIG. 4B illustrates the suture delivery tube 82 of FIG. 4A removablyheld by the guide tip 54 of FIG. 3B. The guide tip 54 has first andsecond ferrule receiving apertures 102, 104. The first and secondferrules 96, 98 (not visible in FIG. 4B) are loaded into the first andsecond ferrule receiving apertures 102, 104, respectively, and thesuture delivery tube 82 is clipped into the delivery tube holder 80. Ifpresent, the pledget 100 can lie against the distal end 70 of the guidetip 54. The distal end 70 may advantageously be sized to receive thepledget 100 in this loaded configuration. After one suture has been used(as will be described later in this specification), the used suturedelivery tube 82 may be removed and a new tube with suture reloaded intothe guide tip 54.

FIGS. 5A-5K illustrate, in partial cross-sectional view, an example ofusing one embodiment of a surgical suturing device to install areplacement heart valve. As shown in FIG. 5A and discussed previously,the surgical suturing device has a guide tip 54. The guide tip 54defines a cuff receiving area 58 and a tissue bite area 60. The guidetip 54 also has at least one needle guide 62 configured to guide atleast one needle 106 through the cuff receiving area 58 and the tissuebite area 60. The distal end 70 of the guide tip 54 has at least oneferrule receiving aperture 102 that releasably holds a ferrule 96coupled to a suture 84. The suture 84 may pass into or out of theferrule receiving aperture 102 through an aperture suture slot 108 whichextends for at least part of, and preferably for all of, the length ofthe ferrule receiving aperture 102. The ferrule 96 is held in theferrule receiving aperture 102 by a latch 110. As will be described inmore detail with regard to FIGS. 5B-5K, the needle 106 has an end 112which can selectively be actuated to extend out to the ferrule receivingaperture 102, removably couple to the ferrule 96, and draw the ferrule96 back through the tissue bite area 60 and the cuff receiving area 58.The needle 106 (and the ferrule 96 it is holding) may then be extendedout to the ferrule receiving aperture 102 again to return the ferrule 96to the ferrule receiving aperture 102. The needle 106 can then beretracted, leaving the ferrule 96 behind in the ferrule receivingaperture, and the process can be repeated. As one example, a suitableapparatus and method for accomplishing such needle movement and ferruleaccompaniment is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,505 to Sauer,entitled, “Running Stitch Suturing Device”, the entirety of which ishereby incorporated by reference. The ferrule 96 at the end of thesuture 84 can be any structure or material which actively or passivelyworks in conjunction with the needle 106 to enable coupling anddecoupling of the needle 106 and the suture end in a manner similar tothat described herein such that the suture end follows a similar paththrough the tissue and sewing cuff as will be described in the followingsections.

In FIG. 5B, the tissue bite area 60 is placed over a portion of tissue114 where it is desirable to attach a corresponding part of areplacement anatomical structure, such as, but not limited to areplacement heart valve. As one example, the tissue 114 could be aportion of an annulus from which defective valve leaflets have beenremoved.

In FIG. 5C, the needle 106 has been advanced by an actuator (not shown)along a direction 116 parallel to a longitudinal axis of the needle 106towards the distal end 70 of the guide tip 54. Along the way, the needle106 is guided through the cuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bitearea 60. Since there is tissue 114 in the tissue bite area 60, theneedle 106 passes through the tissue 114. The needle 106 then enters theferrule receiving aperture 102, passes by the latch 110, and couples tothe ferrule 96.

In FIG. 5D, the needle 106 has been retracted by the actuator (notshown) along a direction 118 parallel to the longitudinal axis of theneedle 106 away from the distal end 70 of the guide tip 54. The end 112of the needle 106 starts out oriented as shown in FIG. 5C, and isconfigured in that orientation to provide no edge for the latch 110 tograb the ferrule 96, thereby enabling the needle 106 to withdraw theferrule 96 (and the suture 84 attached to the ferrule 96) back throughthe tissue 114 in the tissue bite area 60, through the transition guide66, back through the cuff receiving area 58, and back into the needleguide 62 as shown in FIG. 5D. The end 112 of the needle 106 (and usuallythe needle 106 with it) also rotates ninety degrees about the needle'slongitudinal axis during the retraction in order to present a slopedside of the needle 106 for ferrule removal from the needle to bedescribed in later steps. This method of ferrule removal is known tothose skilled in the art and is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.7,407,505, which has already been incorporated herein by reference. Theneedle 106, as illustrated in FIG. 5D, depicts the needle after theneedle rotation.

As illustrated in FIG. 5E, the tissue bite area 60 is then lifted off ofthe tissue 114. The suture 84 is free to pass through the aperturesuture slot 108. As illustrated in FIG. 5F, the needle 106 (the end 112of which is temporarily coupled to the suture ferrule 96) has beenadvanced again by an actuator along a direction 116 parallel to alongitudinal axis of the needle 106 towards the distal end 70 of theguide tip 54. Along the way, the needle 106 and its attached ferrule 96are guided through the cuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bite area60. The needle 106 and the ferrule 96 then enter the ferrule receivingaperture 102, and the ferrule 96 passes by the latch 110. Notice here,in FIG. 5F, that the needle end 112 is sloped in this orientation,thereby allowing the latch 110 to push down against the needle 106 andinterfere with the edge of the suture ferrule 96. Accordingly, when theneedle 106 is withdrawn this time, as illustrated in FIG. 5G, the latch110 pushes the ferrule 96 off of the needle end 112, leaving the sutureferrule 96 behind in the ferrule receiving aperture 102. As shown inFIG. 5G, the needle 106 has been retracted by the actuator along adirection 118 parallel to the longitudinal axis of the needle 106 awayfrom the distal end 70 of the guide tip 54. The end 112 of the needle106 (and usually the needle 106 with it) starts out oriented as shown inFIG. 5F, but rotates ninety degrees during the retraction in order topresent the non-sloped side of the needle 106 so the ferrule 96 can bepicked up on the subsequent engagement. The needle 106, as illustratedin FIG. 5G, depicts the needle 106 after rotation.

As shown in the partial cross-sectional view of FIG. 5H, a sewing cuff120 of replacement heart valve 122 is placed into the cuff receivingarea 58. It should be noted that the term “sewing cuff” may alsoinclude, but is not limited to a sewing ring or suturing ring. Thesewing cuff 120 can be any material through which suture may be passedor sewn in order to ultimately hold the replacement anatomical structurein position for the structure it is replacing. As shown in FIG. 5I-1,the needle 106 has been advanced by an actuator along a direction 116parallel to a longitudinal axis of the needle 106 towards the distal end70 of the guide tip 54. Along the way, the needle 106 is guided throughthe cuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bite area 60. Since there is asewing cuff 120 in the cuff receiving area 58, the needle 106 passesthrough the sewing cuff 120. The needle 106 then enters the ferrulereceiving aperture 102, passes by the latch 110, and couples to theferrule 96.

In this embodiment, as discussed previously with regard to FIGS. 3A and3B, and as shown more clearly in the enlarged view of FIG. 5I-2, theneedle 106 is guided in part by a transition needle guide 66 between thecuff receiving area 58 and the tissue bite area 60. Depending on theproperties of the sewing cuff 120, the cuff 120 may tend to be pushed bythe needle 106 into the transition needle guide 66 as the needle 106 isadvanced through the sewing cuff 120. Therefore, in some embodiments, itmay be advantageous for the transition needle guide 66 to have a flaredend 124 facing the cuff receiving area 58. As shown in FIG. 5I-2, theflared end 124 can accommodate a portion 126 of the sewing cuff 120pushed into the flared end 124 without jamming the needle 106 in thetransition needle guide 66.

Next, as shown in FIG. 5J, the needle 106 has been retracted by theactuator along a direction 118 parallel to the longitudinal axis of theneedle 106 away from the distal end 70 of the guide tip 54. The end 112of the needle 106 starts out oriented as shown in FIG. 5I-1 and isconfigured in that orientation to provide no edge for the latch 110 tograb the ferrule 96, thereby enabling the needle 106 to withdraw theferrule 96 (and the suture 84 attached to the ferrule 96) back throughthe tissue bite area 60, back through the transition guide 66 with theflared end 124, back through the sewing cuff 120, and back into theneedle guide 62 as shown in FIG. 5J. The suture 84 is free to passthrough the suture removal passage 72, and the stitched replacementvalve 122 can be lifted out of the cuff receiving area 58 as illustratedin FIG. 5K. Depending on the embodiment, the ferrule 96 can be removedfrom the needle 106 in the position of FIG. 5K by backing the needle 106even further away from the distal end 70, causing an edge of the ferrule96 to be pushed off of the needle 106 by a ferrule release spring 128which is biased to ride against the needle 106. Such ferrule releasefeatures are known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taughtin U.S. Pat. No. 8,398,657 to Sauer, entitled, “Multi-Fire SuturingInstrument with Proximal Ferrule Release Feature”, the entirety of whichis hereby incorporated by reference.

Before illustrating and describing an embodiment of how the replacementvalve installation could be completed, it is helpful to remember thatembodiments of the surgical suturing device described herein have aguide tip 54 defining a cuff receiving area 58 and a tissue bite area60. The guide tip 54 also has at least one needle guide 62 and/or 66configured to guide at least one needle 106 through the cuff receivingarea 58 and the tissue bite area 60. For ease of explanation, thepartial cross-sectional views of FIGS. 5A-5K illustrate the operation ofa single needle 106. However, embodiments with one or more needles arecontemplated and intended to be covered by the scope of the claimsherein. Although any number of needles are contemplated, there is anefficiency advantage for embodiments which utilize one or more pairs ofneedles. In such embodiments, each pair of needles can be used tomanipulate both ends of a single suture. As an example, consider thescenario illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6K.

FIG. 6A schematically illustrates a diseased heart valve 130 in need ofreplacement. As a first action, a surgeon might gain access to thediseased valve 130 and dissect the leaflets of the valve, leaving thevalve annulus 132 in preparation for installation of a replacement heartvalve as shown in FIG. 6B. In this example, it would be desirable toattach the replacement heart valve to the remaining annulus 132.Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 6C, the tissue bite area 60 of asurgical suturing device could be placed over a portion of the annulus132 where it would be desired to make some attachment stitches. In thisembodiment, the guide tip 54 has a suture delivery tube 82 holding themiddle portion of a suture 84. A pledget 100 is pre-threaded on thesuture 84 and each end of the suture has its own ferrule (not visible inthis view). Each ferrule is loaded into its own ferrule receivingaperture, and each ferrule receiving aperture has a correspondingneedle. Although the needles and ferrules are not visible in this view,the operation of each needle/ferrule pair would work as previouslydescribed for the examples of FIGS. 5A-5K.

As illustrated in FIG. 6D, the first and second needles 134, 136 can beadvanced through the annulus 132 in the tissue bite area 60. The needles134, 136 may be advanced simultaneously or at different times. A singleactuator may advantageously control the movement of both needles 134,136, or each needle 134, 136 may have its own actuator. The needles 134,136 couple with their respective ferrules as described above, and thenboth ends of the suture 84 are drawn back through the annulus 132 in thetissue bite area 60, back through the cuff receiving area 58, and intothe guide tip 54. The guide tip 54 can be removed from the annulus asillustrated in FIG. 6E, and the device can be pulled back to tighten thesuture 84 against the pledget 100 and ultimately against the annulus132.

As the slack is removed from the suture 84 behind the pledget 100, thepledget 100 will move into a position on one side of the annulus 132 asillustrated in FIG. 6F. Preferably, but not necessarily, the spacing ofthe holes in the pledget 100 will be substantially the same as thespacing between the needles 134, 136. The ferrules coupled to the sutureends can be returned to the distal end 70 of the guide tip 54 aspreviously described, thereby resetting the device for the replacementvalve. As illustrated in FIG. 6G, the sewing cuff 120 of a replacementvalve 122 is then placed into the cuff receiving area 58 of the guidetip 54. The first and second needles can be advanced through the sewingcuff 120 in the cuff receiving area 58. Each needle extends into itsrespective ferrule receiving aperture, couples with its respectiveferrule (as described above), and then both ends of the suture 84 aredrawn back through the tissue bite area, through the sewing cuff 120 inthe cuff receiving area 58, and into the guide tip 54. The replacementvalve 122 can then be lifted out of the guide tip 54 as shown in FIG.6H. By using a pair of needles as described, both ends of suture 84 canbe placed simultaneously or at nearly the same time. Furthermore, thespacing between corresponding stitches of the annulus 132 and the sewingcuff 120 are consistent due to the substantially consistent spacingbetween the two needles in the pair. This may help the replacementanatomical structure to align better with the tissue to which itattaches. Additionally, the surgical suturing device described hereinmay offer a more reliable tissue bite, potentially leading to strongerand more reliable suture stitches. With more reliable stitches, there isa potential to reduce the number of sutures per replacement valve. Forexample, in the case of an aortic valve replacement, twenty or moresutures are often needed to ensure the valve is securely attached. Areduction in that number of sutures would be a welcome savings in time,effort, and materials.

The ferrules on the ends of the suture can be released, for example, asdescribed above. Another suture can be loaded into the device, and theprocess can be repeated around the annulus 132 as many times as desiredby the surgeon. As a simple example, FIG. 6I illustrates the result ofhaving performed the process four times with a two-needle device. Foursutures 84A, 84B, 84C, 84D have been placed in desired locations throughthe annulus 132 and through corresponding locations in the sewing cuff120. Each suture 84A, 84B, 84C, 84D passes through both the annulus 132and the sewing cuff 120 twice and is positioned so that it holds arespective pledget 100A, 100B, 100C, 100D against the annulus 132 andterminates in a respective pair of suture ends 138A, 138B, 138C, 138D.In practice, this process can be used for any number of sutures. Thefour sutures illustrated here are just for the convenience ofexplanation.

As illustrated in FIG. 6J, tension can be maintained on the suture ends138A, 138B, 138C, 138D while the replacement valve 122 is moved down thesutures and against the annulus. Each pair of suture ends 138A, 138B,138C, 138D can then be tied off, knotted, clamped, or otherwise fixedagainst the sewing cuff 120 to hold the valve 122 in place. As onenon-limiting example, each pair of suture ends 138A, 138B, 138C, 138Dmay be knotted with a mechanical knot 140A, 140B, 140C, 140D asillustrated in FIG. 6K. The mechanical knots 140A, 140B, 140C, 140D maybe applied, for example, with a Ti-KNOT® device or a COR-KNOT® deviceavailable from LSI Solutions, Inc. of Victor, N.Y. (For example, findordering contact information at www.lsisolutions.com). Other embodimentsof mechanical knots or other types of knots may be used to finalize theattachment of the replacement anatomical structure.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate different embodiments of methods for installinga replacement anatomical structure. In the method embodiment of FIG. 7,in step 142, using at least one needle guided at least in part by aguide tip, at least one suture end is moved through a tissue bite areaand a cuff receiving area, both areas defined by a guide tip, such thatthe at least one suture end passes through tissue in the tissue bitearea while the cuff receiving area is not aligned with a suture cuff ofthe replacement anatomical structure. In step 144, using the at leastone needle guided at least in part by the guide tip, the at least onesuture end is moved through the tissue bite area and the cuff receivingarea such that the at least one suture end passes through the suturecuff of the replacement anatomical structure in the cuff receiving areawhile the tissue bite area is not aligned with the tissue.

In the method embodiment of FIG. 8, in step 146, using first and secondneedles guided in part by a guide tip, the needles each having a ferruleengaging end removably coupled to respective first and second ferruleson respective first and second ends of a suture, the first and secondsuture ends are moved through a tissue bite area and a cuff receivingarea, both areas defined by a guide tip, such that the first and secondsuture ends pass through tissue in the tissue bite area while the cuffreceiving area is not aligned with a suture cuff of the replacementanatomical structure. In step 148, using the first and second needles,the first and second suture ends are moved through the tissue bite areaand the cuff receiving area such that the first and second suture endspass through the suture cuff of the replacement anatomical structure inthe cuff receiving area while the tissue bite area is not aligned withthe tissue.

In alternate embodiments, the suture could be passed through the sewingcuff in the cuff receiving area while there is also tissue in the tissuebite area and visa versa. Also, depending on the embodiment, it is notnecessarily a limitation that the passing of the suture through thesewing cuff and then through the tissue (or visa versa) have to happenon different strokes of the needle. For example, the surgeon could alignthe tissue in the tissue bite area and the sewing cuff in the cuffreceiving area during the same needle pass from a retracted position tothe distal tip and then back. By doing this, the suture ends would bedrawn through both the tissue and the sewing cuff in one retraction ormovement of the needle.

Various advantages of a surgical suturing device for a replacementanatomical structure and methods for its use have been discussed above.Embodiments discussed herein have been described by way of example inthis specification. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatthe forgoing detailed disclosure is intended to be presented by way ofexample only, and is not limiting. Various alterations, improvements,and modifications will occur and are intended to those skilled in theart, though not expressly stated herein. These alterations,improvements, and modifications are intended to be suggested hereby, andare within the spirit and the scope of the claimed invention.Additionally, the recited order of processing elements or sequences, orthe use of numbers, letters, or other designations therefore, is notintended to limit the claims to any order, except as may be specified inthe claims. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the followingclaims and equivalents thereto.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A suturing device comprising: a housing; anactuator coupled to a first portion of the housing such that theactuator is displaceable between a first actuator position and a secondactuator position; a shaft extending from a proximal end to a distal endalong a shaft axis, wherein the shaft defines an interior portion thatextends from the proximal end of the shaft to the distal end of theshaft, and wherein the proximal end of the shaft is coupled to a secondportion of the housing; a needle extending from a proximal end to adistal end along a longitudinal axis that is parallel to or coaxiallyaligned with the shaft axis, wherein the proximal end of the needle iscoupled to a portion of the actuator and at least a portion of theneedle extends through the interior portion of the shaft, wherein as theactuator is displaced from the first actuator position to the secondactuator position, the distal end of the needle is displaced along thelongitudinal axis from a first needle position to a second needleposition, and wherein as the actuator is displaced from the secondactuator position to the first actuator position, the distal end of theneedle is displaced along the longitudinal axis from the second needleposition to the first needle position; and a guide tip coupled to thedistal end of the shaft, the guide tip comprising: a proximal portion; atransition portion coupled to the proximal portion, wherein a transitionpassage extends through the transition portion from a proximal end ofthe transition portion to a distal end of the transition portion; adistal portion coupled to the transition portion, the distal portionhaving a first ferrule receiving passage, wherein a first ferrulereceiving aperture is disposed at a proximal end of the first ferrulereceiving passage, and wherein at least a portion of the first ferrulereceiving passage is configured to hold a first ferrule secured to afirst portion of suture; a first slot defined between a distal end ofthe proximal portion and the proximal end of the transition portion, thefirst slot defining a cuff receiving area configured to receive aportion of a first material; and a second slot defined between thedistal end of the transition portion and a proximal end of the distalportion, the second slot defining a tissue bite area configured toreceive a portion of second material, wherein in the first needleposition, the distal end of the needle is disposed proximal to thedistal end of the proximal portion and in the second needle position,the distal end of the needle is disposed adjacent to the first ferrulereceiving aperture of the distal portion such that the distal end of theneedle is configured to operatively engage the first ferrule secured tothe first portion of suture, and wherein as the needle displaces fromthe first needle position to the second needle position, the distal endof the needle displaces through a portion of the cuff receiving area,the transition passage, a portion of the tissue bite area, and aproximal portion of the first ferrule receiving passage, and as theneedle displaces from the second needle position to the second needleposition, the distal end of the needle is configured to retain the firstferrule secured to the first portion of suture as the distal end of theneedle displaces through the proximal portion of the first ferrulereceiving passage, the portion of the tissue bite area, the transitionpassage, and the portion of the cuff receiving area.
 22. The suturingdevice of claim 21, wherein the distal portion of the guide tip includesa latch slot, wherein an end portion of the latch slot opens to thefirst ferrule receiving passage and the end portion of the latch slot isadjacent to the portion of the first ferrule receiving passageconfigured to hold the first ferrule secured to the first portion ofsuture, and the guide tip further comprising a latch disposed at leastpartially in the latch slot, wherein an end portion of the latch isconfigured to contact an end portion of the first ferrule secured to thefirst portion of suture to prevent the first ferrule from displacingproximally relative to the first ferrule receiving passage as the distalend of the needle is displaced from the second needle position to thefirst needle position.
 23. The suturing device of claim 21, wherein asthe actuator is displaced from the first actuator position to the secondactuator position, the distal end of the needle is displaced distallyfrom the first needle position to the second needle position, andwherein as the actuator is displaced from the second actuator positionto the first actuator position, the distal end of the needle isdisplaced proximally from the second needle position to the first needleposition, and as the distal end of the needle is displaced proximallyfrom the second needle position to the first needle position, the needlerotates 90 degrees about the longitudinal axis.
 24. The suturing deviceof claim 21, wherein as the distal end of the needle is displaced fromthe second needle position to the first needle position, the needlerotates about the longitudinal axis.
 25. The suturing device of claim21, wherein a first longitudinal distance between the distal end of theproximal portion and the proximal end of the transition portion is lessthan a second longitudinal distance between the distal end of thetransition portion and the proximal end of the distal portion.
 26. Thesuturing device of claim 21, wherein in the first needle position, thedistal end of the needle is disposed at or adjacent to the distal end ofthe distal portion of the guide tip.
 27. The suturing device of claim21, wherein the transition passage extends through the transitionportion of the guide tip from the proximal end of the transition portionto the distal end of the transition portion along the longitudinal axis,and the first ferrule receiving passage extends from the proximal to adistal end along the longitudinal axis.
 28. The suturing device of claim21, wherein the portion of the first slot is a portion of the first slotthat is aligned with the longitudinal axis and the portion of the secondslot is a portion of the second slot that is aligned with thelongitudinal axis.
 29. The suturing device of claim 21, wherein aportion of the housing defines a grip portion, and wherein in the firstactuator position, a lever portion of the actuator is in a firstposition relative to the grip portion of the housing and in the secondactuator position, the lever portion of the actuator is in a secondposition relative to the grip portion of the housing.
 30. The suturingdevice of claim 21, wherein the distal end of the needle is displacedlinearly from the first needle position to the second needle position.31. The suturing device of claim 21, wherein the actuator is pivotablycoupled to the first portion of the housing such that the actuator ispivotably displaceable between the first actuator position and thesecond actuator position.
 32. The suturing device of claim 21, whereinthe portion of the first ferrule receiving passage configured to holdthe first ferrule secured to the first portion of suture is disposeddistally to the proximal portion of the first ferrule receiving passage.33. The suturing device of claim 21, wherein the proximal end of theneedle is coupled to the portion of the actuator such that the proximalend of the needle is adjacent to the portion of the actuator.
 34. Thesuturing device of claim 21, wherein as the distal end of the needle isdisplaced from the second needle position to the first needle position,the needle rotates about the longitudinal axis.
 35. The suturing deviceof claim 21, further comprising: a second needle extending from aproximal end to a distal end along a second longitudinal axis that isparallel to the longitudinal axis, wherein the proximal end of thesecond needle is coupled to a second portion of the actuator and atleast a portion of the second needle extends through the interiorportion of the shaft, wherein as the actuator is displaced from thefirst actuator position to the second actuator position, the distal endof the second needle is displaced along the second longitudinal axisfrom a third needle position to a fourth needle position, and wherein asthe actuator is displaced from the second actuator position to the firstactuator position, the distal end of the second needle is displacedalong the second longitudinal axis from the fourth needle position tothe third needle position.
 36. The suturing device of claim 21, whereinthe proximal portion of the guide tip is coupled to the transitionportion of the guide tip by a cuff support that extends parallel to thelongitudinal axis from the distal end of the proximal portion to theproximal end of the transition portion, wherein a surface of the cuffsupport at least partially defines the first slot.
 37. The suturingdevice of claim 36, wherein the distal portion of the guide tip iscoupled to the transition portion of the guide tip by a connectorportion, the connector portion extending from a lateral end of thedistal portion to a lateral end of the transition portion.
 38. Thesuturing device of claim 37, wherein the actuator is pivotably coupledto the first portion of the housing about a pivot axis that is normal tothe shaft axis, and wherein a first plane is normal to the pivot axisand includes the shaft axis, and a second plane that includes the shaftaxis and is normal to the shaft axis, and wherein the connector portionis disposed on a first side of the second plane and the cuff support isdisposed on a second side of the second plane.
 39. The suturing deviceof claim 38, wherein the connector portion is disposed on a first sideof the first plane, and the first plane bisects the cuff support.
 40. Amethod of assembling a suturing device, the method comprising: couplingan actuator to a first portion of a housing such that the actuator isdisplaceable between a first actuator position and a second actuatorposition; coupling a proximal end of a shaft to a second portion of thehousing, wherein the shaft extends from the proximal end to a distal endalong a shaft axis, and wherein the shaft defines an interior portionthat extends from the proximal end of the shaft to the distal end of theshaft; coupling a proximal end of a needle to a portion of the actuatorsuch that at least a portion of the needle extends through the interiorportion of the shaft, the needle extending from the proximal end to adistal end along a longitudinal axis that is parallel to or coaxiallyaligned with the shaft axis, wherein as the actuator is displaced fromthe first actuator position to the second actuator position, the distalend of the needle is displaced along the longitudinal axis from a firstneedle position to a second needle position, and wherein as the actuatoris displaced from the second actuator position to the first actuatorposition, the distal end of the needle is displaced along thelongitudinal axis from the second needle position to the first needleposition; and coupling a guide tip to the distal end of the shaft, theguide tip comprising: a proximal portion; a transition portion coupledto the proximal portion, wherein a transition passage extends throughthe transition portion from a proximal end of the transition portion toa distal end of the transition portion; a distal portion coupled to thetransition portion, the distal portion having a first ferrule receivingpassage, wherein a first ferrule receiving aperture is disposed at aproximal end of the first ferrule receiving passage, wherein at least aportion of the first ferrule receiving passage is configured to hold afirst ferrule secured to a first portion of suture; a first slot definedbetween a distal end of the proximal portion and the proximal end of thetransition portion, the first slot defining a cuff receiving areaconfigured to receive a portion of a first material; and a second slotdefined between the distal end of the transition portion and a proximalend of the distal portion, the second slot defining a tissue bite areaconfigured to receive a portion of second material, wherein in the firstneedle position, the distal end of the needle is disposed proximal tothe distal end of the proximal portion and in the second needleposition, the distal end of the needle is disposed adjacent to the firstferrule receiving aperture of the distal portion such that the distalend of the needle is configured to operatively engage the first ferrulesecured to the first portion of suture, and wherein as the needledisplaces from the first needle position to the second needle position,the distal end of the needle displaces through a portion of the cuffreceiving area, the transition passage, a portion of the tissue bitearea, and a proximal portion of the first ferrule receiving passage, andas the needle displaces from the second needle position to the secondneedle position, the distal end of the needle is configured to retainthe first ferrule secured to the first portion of suture as the distalend of the needle displaces through the proximal portion of the firstferrule receiving passage, the portion of the tissue bite area, thetransition passage, and the portion of the cuff receiving area.